Leukaemia : Symptoms, Causes, Types, and Treatment

Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. This condition disrupts normal blood cell production and can lead to severe health complications. Understanding leukaemia involves exploring its symptoms, causes, types, and treatment options. This blog post aims to provide comprehensive information on these aspects of leukaemia.

Symptoms of Leukaemia

Leukaemia symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:

1. Fatigue and Weakness: Excessive fatigue and persistent weakness are common as abnormal white blood cells crowd out healthy blood cells, reducing oxygen transport in the body.
2. Frequent Infections: A weakened immune system due to abnormal white blood cells leads to recurrent infections.
3. Easy Bruising and Bleeding: Low platelet counts can cause easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, and frequent nosebleeds.
4. Bone Pain and Tenderness: Overcrowded bone marrow can cause bone and joint pain.
5. Swollen Lymph Nodes: Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, or groin, can be a sign of leukaemia.
6. Fever and Night Sweats: Persistent fever and night sweats are common, often without any clear infection.
7. Unintentional Weight Loss: Significant, unexplained weight loss can occur.
8. Pale Skin: Anemia due to a lack of red blood cells can cause paleness.

Causes of Leukaemia

The exact cause of leukaemia is not well understood, but several factors are known to increase the risk:

1. Genetic Predisposition: Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, increase the risk of leukaemia.
2. Family History: A family history of leukaemia can elevate the risk.
3. Radiation Exposure: High levels of radiation exposure, such as from cancer treatments or nuclear accidents, can increase the risk.
4. Chemical Exposure: Exposure to certain chemicals, like benzene (found in gasoline and used by the chemical industry), is linked to leukaemia.
5. Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that can contribute to leukaemia.
6. Previous Cancer Treatment: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of developing leukaemia later in life.

Types of Leukaemia

Leukaemia is classified into four main types based on the speed of progression (acute or chronic) and the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or myeloid).

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL): A rapidly progressing form affecting lymphoid cells, common in children.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): A fast-growing form affecting myeloid cells, more common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL): A slower-progressing form affecting lymphoid cells, primarily in adults.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML): A slowly progressing form affecting myeloid cells, mostly in adults.

Diagnosis of Leukaemia

Diagnosing leukaemia involves several tests:

1. Blood Tests: A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal abnormal levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone Marrow Biopsy: A sample of bone marrow is examined to identify the type of leukaemia.
3. Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, and X-rays can help determine the extent of the disease.
4. Genetic Tests: Identifying specific genetic mutations can help in diagnosing and planning treatment.

Treatment of Leukaemia

Treatment for leukaemia depends on the type, stage, patient’s age, and overall health. Common treatment options include:

1. Chemotherapy: The primary treatment for leukaemia involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered orally, intravenously, or directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to destroy leukaemia cells or shrink tumors. It can target specific areas of the body or be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
3. Bone Marrow Transplant (Stem Cell Transplant): Replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor can help rebuild a healthy blood cell population. This procedure is often preceded by high-dose chemotherapy or radiation.
4. Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells’ unique characteristics, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors for CML, can be used. These therapies often have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
5. Immunotherapy: This approach boosts the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Treatments like CAR-T cell therapy modify the patient’s T cells to attack leukaemia cells.
6. Clinical Trials: Patients may have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials testing new treatments. These can provide access to cutting-edge therapies.

Managing Side Effects and Complications

Leukaemia treatments can cause side effects, which need careful management:

1. Infection Prevention: Due to weakened immunity, patients should avoid exposure to infections and maintain good hygiene.
2. Nutritional Support: A balanced diet can help maintain strength and support recovery.
3. Psychological Support: Counseling and support groups can help patients and families cope with the emotional impact of leukaemia.
4. Pain Management: Medications and other therapies can help manage pain and discomfort.

Conclusion

Leukaemia is a complex and challenging disease, but advancements in treatment have significantly improved outcomes for many patients. Early detection and a tailored treatment approach are crucial for managing the disease effectively. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of leukaemia, it is essential to seek medical advice promptly for diagnosis and treatment. Research and new therapies continue to provide hope for better management and potential cures for leukaemia in the future.