Stomach Cancer : Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a serious condition that arises from the abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the stomach. It is a relatively common form of cancer, especially in older adults, but it can occur at any age. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for stomach cancer.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

1. Early-Stage Symptoms:
   • Indigestion or heartburn that does not go away.
   • Persistent stomach pain or discomfort, especially after eating.
   • Feeling bloated after eating small amounts of food.
   • Nausea and vomiting, which may include blood.
   • Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss.
2. Advanced Symptoms:
   • Difficulty swallowing, also known as dysphagia.
   • Severe abdominal pain or discomfort.
   • Vomiting blood or having blood in the stool, which may appear black and tarry.
   • Fatigue and weakness.
   • Jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Causes of Stomach Cancer

1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection: This bacterium is a major risk factor for stomach cancer as it can cause inflammation and damage to the stomach lining over time.
2. Smoking: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, increases the risk of developing stomach cancer.
3. Dietary Factors: A diet high in smoked, salted, or pickled foods, as well as low fruit and vegetable intake, is associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer.
4. Family History: Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer or certain genetic syndromes, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), have an increased risk.
5. Age and Gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, and men are generally at a higher risk than women.

Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer

1. Physical Examination: A healthcare provider may perform a physical exam to check for signs of stomach cancer, such as abdominal swelling or tenderness.
2. Endoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) into the stomach to examine the lining and take tissue samples (biopsies) for analysis.
3. Imaging Tests: Imaging techniques like CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans may be used to evaluate the extent of cancer and detect any spread to nearby organs.
4. Blood Tests: Certain blood markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), may be elevated in people with stomach cancer.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy is the definitive method to diagnose stomach cancer. Tissue samples obtained during endoscopy or surgery are examined under a microscope by a pathologist to confirm cancerous cells.

Treatment Options for Stomach Cancer

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissues (subtotal or total gastrectomy) is a common treatment for early-stage stomach cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It may be used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumor or after surgery (adjuvant) to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams are used to target and destroy cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.
4. Targeted Therapy: Certain medications target specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth, offering more precise treatment with fewer side effects.
5. Immunotherapy: This approach boosts the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It is being studied for its potential in treating advanced stomach cancer.

In conclusion,

stomach cancer is a complex disease with various risk factors and symptoms. Early detection through regular screenings and prompt medical intervention can significantly improve outcomes. Treatment plans are tailored based on the stage of cancer, overall health, and individual preferences, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals.

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